Modern circuit design is a “mixed signal” endeavor thanks to the availability of sophisticated process technologies that make available bipolar and CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor), ...

A transistor is a key component in electronics, often used as a switch or to amplify a signal from a sensor. NPN (negative-positive-negative) transistors are the most used transistor. An illustration ...

Manufacturing companies, particularly those that mass-produce electronic circuits, work pretty much around bipolar junction transistors, like PNP and NPN. However, choosing between these two BJTs can ...

Linear Technology's recently introduced LTC4300 chip buffers I 2 C clock and data lines to and from a hot-swappable card. This task is difficult because the IC must work bidirectionally, meaning that ...

[Dr. Cockroach]’s goal was to build a four-bit computer out of recycled and repurposed junk. The resulting computer, called IO, consists of a single 555, around 230 PNP and NPN transistors, 230 diodes ...

Need to switch something on or off using a microcontroller? Using a transistor is one of the best ways to do this, but how exactly do you design properly for transistor switching? [Ben Krasnow] put ...

Field-effect transistors based on carbon nanotubes have been shown to be faster and less energy consuming than their silicon counterparts. However, ensuring these advantages are maintained for ...

A teacher I know is stuck, with only npn transistors in the supply cupboard and the need to create a reversible motor drive for an Arduino project. Reversing ‘bridges’ have four switches (relay ...

Optical signals in conventional optoelectronic devices have to be converted into electronic signals when they are amplified or manipulated. But the slow pace of electrons through silicon-based ...

Process devices operate when an input level, such as voltage, reaches the required value for the device to operate. The transistor is on, when the input voltage is greater than or equal to \(0.7 V\).