A reference model is a virtual model which defines how communication should take place. It logically divides the processes which are required for the communication into layers. This concept is known ...

This repository contains well-structured R&D documents that explain the architecture, working, and functionality of various foundational networking models and protocols. These documents are part of a ...

Ever wondered what happens behind the scenes when you type a URL into your browser? Well, I did too—and decided to dive deep into the world of networking protocols, packet transmissions, and layered ...

IBM misplayed its hand with SNA and OSI never had a chance against TCP/IP. The long, slow and at times, colorful battle between TCP/IP backers and SNA stalwarts was one of the more acrimonious periods ...

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol, which resides at layers 3 and 4. To understand network communications, it is essential to learn about the ...

Whether it’s wired or wireless, most data communications today happens by way of packets of information travelling over one or more networks. But before these networks can work together, though, they ...