Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and ...

Julie Young is an experienced financial writer and editor. She specializes in financial analysis in capital planning and investment management. Suzanne is a content marketer, writer, and fact-checker.

Future events are far from certain in the business world. This is especially true for smaller businesses, which tend to have more volatility than larger organizations, or newer businesses without a ...

In mathematics and statistics, a probability distribution, more properly called a probability density, assigns to every interval of the real numbers a probability, so that the probability axioms are ...

The seemingly unpredictable, and thereby uncontrollable, dynamics of living organisms have perplexed and fascinated scientists for a long time. While these dynamics can be represented by reaction ...

All sorts of physical processes in this analog world exhibit some degree of randomness. Think of noise, for example. Many noisy processes are described by Gaussian probability distributions. We should ...

Since releasing this working paper, the authors have published an update to their work in the journal Climate Risk Management (Vol 44, 2024). How likely is it that global warming will exceed 3°C in ...