Across two vast fronts, Allied commanders took drastically different paths to victory. MacArthur’s calculated island-hopping conserved lives and leveraged naval power in the Pacific, while Stalin’s ...

Copper smelters from 3,000 years ago may have experimented with materials just enough to launch the Iron Age. The Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age as the refining process of iron was discovered.

Steel has underpinned modern life for centuries, but it comes at an expensive cost. The industry is responsible for nearly 7 percent of the world’s total carbon dioxide emissions, driven by blast ...

AI-generated illustration. Credit: ZME Science/Midjourney. Three thousand years ago, a group of metalworkers in what is now southern Georgia were trying to solve a problem. Their copper ores were ...

The story of human progress is often told through the materials we have shaped and mastered. Stone gave way to bronze, bronze to iron, and iron to steel. Each shift brought not just stronger tools but ...

Buried deep in the south Georgia rolling hills, a tiny archaeological site has been rewriting history. Uncovered in the late 1950s, the Kvemo Bolnisi workshop was considered to be one of the ...