This repository contains well-structured R&D documents that explain the architecture, working, and functionality of various foundational networking models and protocols. These documents are part of a ...

A reference model is a virtual model which defines how communication should take place. It logically divides the processes which are required for the communication into layers. This concept is known ...

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) network model is a conceptual framework that describes the functions of a networking system. It consists of seven layers, each of which has a specific function ...

The network access layer sometimes called the data link layer, organizes sending and receiving data frames within a single network. This layer corresponds to the physical hardware involved in network ...

IBM misplayed its hand with SNA and OSI never had a chance against TCP/IP. The long, slow and at times, colorful battle between TCP/IP backers and SNA stalwarts was one of the more acrimonious periods ...

First, and foremost, the OSI stack is just a theoretical reference model. There is no actual OSI software. It has been around since about 1980, and it is based upon recommendations from the ITU-T and ...

Peeling back the layers of IoT devices reveals most of them are nothing more than what are already on the Internet in the form of present-day M2M devices. In just six years, according to Cisco Systems ...

Ethernet is a layer 2 data link protocol that is widely used with the TCP/IP protocol, which resides at layers 3 and 4. To understand network communications, it is essential to learn about the ...